systemd-analyze

systemd
systemd-analyze 1
systemd-analyze Analyze and debug system manager
`systemd-analyze` OPTIONS time `systemd-analyze` OPTIONS blame `systemd-analyze` OPTIONS critical-chain UNIT `systemd-analyze` OPTIONS dump `systemd-analyze` OPTIONS plot >file.svg `systemd-analyze` OPTIONS dot PATTERN >file.dot `systemd-analyze` OPTIONS unit-paths `systemd-analyze` OPTIONS exit-status STATUS `systemd-analyze` OPTIONS capability CAPABILITY `systemd-analyze` OPTIONS condition CONDITION… `systemd-analyze` OPTIONS syscall-filter SET… `systemd-analyze` OPTIONS filesystems SET… `systemd-analyze` OPTIONS calendar SPEC `systemd-analyze` OPTIONS timestamp TIMESTAMP `systemd-analyze` OPTIONS timespan SPAN `systemd-analyze` OPTIONS cat-config NAME|PATH `systemd-analyze` OPTIONS verify FILE `systemd-analyze` OPTIONS security UNIT

## Description

`systemd-analyze` may be used to determine system boot-up performance statistics and retrieve other state and tracing information from the system and service manager, and to verify the correctness of unit files. It is also used to access special functions useful for advanced system manager debugging.

If no command is passed, `systemd-analyze time` is implied.

### `systemd-analyze time`

This command prints the time spent in the kernel before userspace has been reached, the time spent in the initial RAM disk (initrd) before normal system userspace has been reached, and the time normal system userspace took to initialize. Note that these measurements simply measure the time passed up to the point where all system services have been spawned, but not necessarily until they fully finished initialization or the disk is idle.

`Show how long the boot took`

    # in a container
    $ systemd-analyze time
    Startup finished in 296ms (userspace)
    multi-user.target reached after 275ms in userspace

    # on a real machine
    $ systemd-analyze time
    Startup finished in 2.584s (kernel) + 19.176s (initrd) + 47.847s (userspace) = 1min 9.608s
    multi-user.target reached after 47.820s in userspace

### `systemd-analyze blame`

This command prints a list of all running units, ordered by the time they took to initialize. This information may be used to optimize boot-up times. Note that the output might be misleading as the initialization of one service might be slow simply because it waits for the initialization of another service to complete. Also note: `systemd-analyze blame` doesn't display results for services with `Type=simple`, because systemd considers such services to be started immediately, hence no measurement of the initialization delays can be done. Also note that this command only shows the time units took for starting up, it does not show how long unit jobs spent in the execution queue. In particular it shows the time units spent in `activating` state, which is not defined for units such as device units that transition directly from `inactive` to `active`. This command hence gives an impression of the performance of program code, but cannot accurately reflect latency introduced by waiting for hardware and similar events.

`Show which units took the most time during boot`

    $ systemd-analyze blame
             32.875s pmlogger.service
             20.905s systemd-networkd-wait-online.service
             13.299s dev-vda1.device
             ...
                23ms sysroot.mount
                11ms initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service
                 3ms sys-kernel-config.mount

### `systemd-analyze critical-chain UNIT...`

This command prints a tree of the time-critical chain of units (for each of the specified UNITs or for the default target otherwise). The time after the unit is active or started is printed after the "@" character. The time the unit takes to start is printed after the "+" character. Note that the output might be misleading as the initialization of services might depend on socket activation and because of the parallel execution of units. Also, similar to the `blame` command, this only takes into account the time units spent in `activating` state, and hence does not cover units that never went through an `activating` state (such as device units that transition directly from `inactive` to `active`). Moreover it does not show information on jobs (and in particular not jobs that timed out).

`systemd-analyze critical-chain`

    $ systemd-analyze critical-chain
    multi-user.target @47.820s
    └─pmie.service @35.968s +548ms
      └─pmcd.service @33.715s +2.247s
        └─network-online.target @33.712s
          └─systemd-networkd-wait-online.service @12.804s +20.905s
            └─systemd-networkd.service @11.109s +1.690s
              └─systemd-udevd.service @9.201s +1.904s
                └─systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service @7.306s +1.776s
                  └─kmod-static-nodes.service @6.976s +177ms
                    └─systemd-journald.socket
                      └─system.slice
                        └─-.slice

### `systemd-analyze dump`

This command outputs a (usually very long) human-readable serialization of the complete server state. Its format is subject to change without notice and should not be parsed by applications.

Show the internal state of user manager

    $ systemd-analyze --user dump
    Timestamp userspace: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
    Timestamp finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
    Timestamp generators-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
    Timestamp generators-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
    Timestamp units-load-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
    Timestamp units-load-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
    -> Unit proc-timer_list.mount:
            Description: /proc/timer_list
            ...
    -> Unit default.target:
            Description: Main user target
    ...

### `systemd-analyze plot`

This command prints an SVG graphic detailing which system services have been started at what time, highlighting the time they spent on initialization.

`Plot a bootchart`

    $ systemd-analyze plot >bootup.svg
    $ eog bootup.svg&

### `systemd-analyze dot [pattern...]`

This command generates textual dependency graph description in dot format for further processing with the GraphViz dot 1 tool. Use a command line like `systemd-analyze dot | dot -Tsvg >systemd.svg` to generate a graphical dependency tree. Unless `--order` or `--require` is passed, the generated graph will show both ordering and requirement dependencies. Optional pattern globbing style specifications (e.g. `*.target`) may be given at the end. A unit dependency is included in the graph if any of these patterns match either the origin or destination node.

Plot all dependencies of any unit whose name starts with `avahi-daemon`

    $ systemd-analyze dot 'avahi-daemon.*' | dot -Tsvg >avahi.svg
    $ eog avahi.svg

Plot the dependencies between all known target units

    $ systemd-analyze dot --to-pattern='*.target' --from-pattern='*.target' \
          | dot -Tsvg >targets.svg
    $ eog targets.svg

### `systemd-analyze unit-paths`

This command outputs a list of all directories from which unit files, `.d` overrides, and `.wants`, `.requires` symlinks may be loaded. Combine with `--user` to retrieve the list for the user manager instance, and `--global` for the global configuration of user manager instances.

`Show all paths for generated units`

    $ systemd-analyze unit-paths | grep '^/run'
    /run/systemd/system.control
    /run/systemd/transient
    /run/systemd/generator.early
    /run/systemd/system
    /run/systemd/system.attached
    /run/systemd/generator
    /run/systemd/generator.late

Note that this verb prints the list that is compiled into `systemd-analyze` itself, and does not communicate with the running manager. Use

    systemctl [--user] [--global] show -p UnitPath --value

to retrieve the actual list that the manager uses, with any empty directories omitted.

### `systemd-analyze exit-status STATUS...`

This command prints a list of exit statuses along with their "class", i.e. the source of the definition (one of `glibc`, `systemd`, `LSB`, or `BSD`), see the Process Exit Codes section in systemd.exec 5. If no additional arguments are specified, all known statuses are shown. Otherwise, only the definitions for the specified codes are shown.

`Show some example exit status names`

    $ systemd-analyze exit-status 0 1 {63..65}
    NAME    STATUS CLASS
    SUCCESS 0      glibc
    FAILURE 1      glibc
    -       63     -
    USAGE   64     BSD
    DATAERR 65     BSD

### `systemd-analyze capability CAPABILITY...`

This command prints a list of Linux capabilities along with their numeric IDs. See capabilities 7 for details. If no argument is specified the full list of capabilities known to the service manager and the kernel is shown. Capabilities defined by the kernel but not known to the service manager are shown as `cap_???`. Optionally, if arguments are specified they may refer to specific cabilities by name or numeric ID, in which case only the indicated capabilities are shown in the table.

`Show some example capability names`

    $ systemd-analyze capability 0 1 {30..32}
    NAME              NUMBER
    cap_chown              0
    cap_dac_override       1
    cap_audit_control     30
    cap_setfcap           31
    cap_mac_override      32

### `systemd-analyze condition CONDITION...`

This command will evaluate `Condition*=...` and `Assert*=...` assignments, and print their values, and the resulting value of the combined condition set. See systemd.unit 5 for a list of available conditions and asserts.

Evaluate conditions that check kernel versions

    $ systemd-analyze condition 'ConditionKernelVersion = ! <4.0' \
            'ConditionKernelVersion = >=5.1' \
            'ConditionACPower=|false' \
            'ConditionArchitecture=|!arm' \
            'AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release'
    test.service: AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release succeeded.
    Asserts succeeded.
    test.service: ConditionArchitecture=|!arm succeeded.
    test.service: ConditionACPower=|false failed.
    test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=>=5.1 succeeded.
    test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=!<4.0 succeeded.
    Conditions succeeded.

### `systemd-analyze syscall-filter SET...`

This command will list system calls contained in the specified system call set SET, or all known sets if no sets are specified. Argument SET must include the `@` prefix.

### `systemd-analyze filesystems SET...`

This command will list filesystems in the specified filesystem set SET, or all known sets if no sets are specified. Argument SET must include the `@` prefix.

### `systemd-analyze calendar EXPRESSION...`

This command will parse and normalize repetitive calendar time events, and will calculate when they elapse next. This takes the same input as the `OnCalendar=` setting in systemd.timer 5, following the syntax described in systemd.time 7. By default, only the next time the calendar expression will elapse is shown; use `--iterations=` to show the specified number of next times the expression elapses. Each time the expression elapses forms a timestamp, see the `timestamp` verb below.

Show leap days in the near future

    $ systemd-analyze calendar --iterations=5 '*-2-29 0:0:0'
      Original form: *-2-29 0:0:0
    Normalized form: *-02-29 00:00:00
        Next elapse: Sat 2020-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
           From now: 11 months 15 days left
           Iter. #2: Thu 2024-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
           From now: 4 years 11 months left
           Iter. #3: Tue 2028-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
           From now: 8 years 11 months left
           Iter. #4: Sun 2032-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
           From now: 12 years 11 months left
           Iter. #5: Fri 2036-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
           From now: 16 years 11 months left

### `systemd-analyze timestamp TIMESTAMP...`

This command parses a timestamp (i.e. a single point in time) and outputs the normalized form and the difference between this timestamp and now. The timestamp should adhere to the syntax documented in systemd.time 7, section "PARSING TIMESTAMPS".

Show parsing of timestamps

    $ systemd-analyze timestamp yesterday now tomorrow
      Original form: yesterday
    Normalized form: Mon 2019-05-20 00:00:00 CEST
           (in UTC): Sun 2019-05-19 22:00:00 UTC
       UNIX seconds: @15583032000
           From now: 1 day 9h ago

      Original form: now
    Normalized form: Tue 2019-05-21 09:48:39 CEST
           (in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 07:48:39 UTC
       UNIX seconds: @1558424919.659757
           From now: 43us ago

      Original form: tomorrow
    Normalized form: Wed 2019-05-22 00:00:00 CEST
           (in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 22:00:00 UTC
       UNIX seconds: @15584760000
           From now: 14h left

### `systemd-analyze timespan EXPRESSION...`

This command parses a time span (i.e. a difference between two timestamps) and outputs the normalized form and the equivalent value in microseconds. The time span should adhere to the syntax documented in systemd.time 7, section "PARSING TIME SPANS". Values without units are parsed as seconds.

Show parsing of timespans

    $ systemd-analyze timespan 1s 300s '1year 0.000001s'
    Original: 1s
          μs: 1000000
       Human: 1s

    Original: 300s
          μs: 300000000
       Human: 5min

    Original: 1year 0.000001s
          μs: 31557600000001
       Human: 1y 1us

### `systemd-analyze cat-config` NAME|PATH...

This command is similar to `systemctl cat`, but operates on config files. It will copy the contents of a config file and any drop-ins to standard output, using the usual systemd set of directories and rules for precedence. Each argument must be either an absolute path including the prefix (such as `/etc/systemd/logind.conf` or `/usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf`), or a name relative to the prefix (such as `systemd/logind.conf`).

Showing logind configuration

    $ systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/logind.conf
    # /etc/systemd/logind.conf
    ...
    [Login]
    NAutoVTs=8
    ...

    # /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf.d/20-test.conf
    ... some override from another package

    # /etc/systemd/logind.conf.d/50-override.conf
    ... some administrator override

### `systemd-analyze verify FILE...`

This command will load unit files and print warnings if any errors are detected. Files specified on the command line will be loaded, but also any other units referenced by them. A unit's name on disk can be overridden by specifying an alias after a colon; see below for an example. The full unit search path is formed by combining the directories for all command line arguments, and the usual unit load paths. The variable `$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH` is supported, and may be used to replace or augment the compiled in set of unit load paths; see systemd.unit 5. All units files present in the directories containing the command line arguments will be used in preference to the other paths.

The following errors are currently detected:

- unknown sections and directives,

- missing dependencies which are required to start the given unit,

- man pages listed in `Documentation=` which are not found in the system,

- commands listed in `ExecStart=` and similar which are not found in the system or not executable.

Misspelt directives

    $ cat ./user.slice
    [Unit]
    WhatIsThis=11
    Documentation=man:nosuchfile(1)
    Requires=different.service

    [Service]
    Description=x

    $ systemd-analyze verify ./user.slice
    [./user.slice:9] Unknown lvalue 'WhatIsThis' in section 'Unit'
    [./user.slice:13] Unknown section 'Service'. Ignoring.
    Error: org.freedesktop.systemd1.LoadFailed:
       Unit different.service failed to load:
       No such file or directory.
    Failed to create user.slice/start: Invalid argument
    user.slice: man nosuchfile(1) command failed with code 16

Missing service units

    $ tail ./a.socket ./b.socket
    ==> ./a.socket <==
    [Socket]
    ListenStream=100

    ==> ./b.socket <==
    [Socket]
    ListenStream=100
    Accept=yes

    $ systemd-analyze verify ./a.socket ./b.socket
    Service a.service not loaded, a.socket cannot be started.
    Service b@0.service not loaded, b.socket cannot be started.

Aliasing a unit

    $ cat /tmp/source
    [Unit]
    Description=Hostname printer

    [Service]
    Type=simple
    ExecStart=/usr/bin/echo %H
    MysteryKey=true

    $ systemd-analyze verify /tmp/source
    Failed to prepare filename /tmp/source: Invalid argument

    $ systemd-analyze verify /tmp/source:alias.service
    /tmp/systemd-analyze-XXXXXX/alias.service:7: Unknown key name 'MysteryKey' in section 'Service', ignoring.

### `systemd-analyze security UNIT...`

This command analyzes the security and sandboxing settings of one or more specified service units. If at least one unit name is specified the security settings of the specified service units are inspected and a detailed analysis is shown. If no unit name is specified, all currently loaded, long-running service units are inspected and a terse table with results shown. The command checks for various security-related service settings, assigning each a numeric "exposure level" value, depending on how important a setting is. It then calculates an overall exposure level for the whole unit, which is an estimation in the range 0.0…10.0 indicating how exposed a service is security-wise. High exposure levels indicate very little applied sandboxing. Low exposure levels indicate tight sandboxing and strongest security restrictions. Note that this only analyzes the per-service security features systemd itself implements. This means that any additional security mechanisms applied by the service code itself are not accounted for. The exposure level determined this way should not be misunderstood: a high exposure level neither means that there is no effective sandboxing applied by the service code itself, nor that the service is actually vulnerable to remote or local attacks. High exposure levels do indicate however that most likely the service might benefit from additional settings applied to them.

Please note that many of the security and sandboxing settings individually can be circumvented — unless combined with others. For example, if a service retains the privilege to establish or undo mount points many of the sandboxing options can be undone by the service code itself. Due to that is essential that each service uses the most comprehensive and strict sandboxing and security settings possible. The tool will take into account some of these combinations and relationships between the settings, but not all. Also note that the security and sandboxing settings analyzed here only apply to the operations executed by the service code itself. If a service has access to an IPC system (such as D-Bus) it might request operations from other services that are not subject to the same restrictions. Any comprehensive security and sandboxing analysis is hence incomplete if the IPC access policy is not validated too.

Analyze `systemd-logind.service`

    $ systemd-analyze security --no-pager systemd-logind.service
      NAME                DESCRIPTION                              EXPOSURE
    ✗ PrivateNetwork=     Service has access to the host's network      0.5
    ✗ User=/DynamicUser=  Service runs as root user                     0.4
    ✗ DeviceAllow=        Service has no device ACL                     0.2
    ✓ IPAddressDeny=      Service blocks all IP address ranges
    ...
    → Overall exposure level for systemd-logind.service: 4.1 OK 🙂

### `systemd-analyze inspect-elf FILE...`

This command will load the specified file(s), and if they are ELF objects (executables, libraries, core files, etc.) it will parse the embedded packaging metadata, if any, and print it in a table or json format. See the Packaging Metadata documentation for more information.

Table output

    $ systemd-analyze inspect-elf --json=pretty /tmp/core.fsverity.1000.f77dac5dc161402aa44e15b7dd9dcf97.58561.1637106137000000
    {
            "elfType" : "coredump",
            "elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
            "/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/fsverity" : {
                    "type" : "deb",
                    "name" : "fsverity-utils",
                    "version" : "1.3-1",
                    "buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee"
            },
            "/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/libfsverity.so.0" : {
                    "type" : "deb",
                    "name" : "fsverity-utils",
                    "version" : "1.3-1",
                    "buildId" : "b5e428254abf14237b0ae70ed85fffbb98a78f88"
            }
    }

## Options

The following options are understood:

`--system`

  Operates on the system systemd instance. This is the implied default.

`--user`

  Operates on the user systemd instance.

`--global`

  Operates on the system-wide configuration for user systemd instance.

`--order`
`--require`

  When used in conjunction with the `dot` command (see above), selects which dependencies are shown in the dependency graph. If `--order` is passed, only dependencies of type `After=` or `Before=` are shown. If `--require` is passed, only dependencies of type `Requires=`, `Requisite=`, `Wants=` and `Conflicts=` are shown. If neither is passed, this shows dependencies of all these types.

`--from-pattern=`
`--to-pattern=`

  When used in conjunction with the `dot` command (see above), this selects which relationships are shown in the dependency graph. Both options require a glob 7 pattern as an argument, which will be matched against the left-hand and the right-hand, respectively, nodes of a relationship.

  Each of these can be used more than once, in which case the unit name must match one of the values. When tests for both sides of the relation are present, a relation must pass both tests to be shown. When patterns are also specified as positional arguments, they must match at least one side of the relation. In other words, patterns specified with those two options will trim the list of edges matched by the positional arguments, if any are given, and fully determine the list of edges shown otherwise.

`--fuzz=`timespan

  When used in conjunction with the `critical-chain` command (see above), also show units, which finished timespan earlier, than the latest unit in the same level. The unit of timespan is seconds unless specified with a different unit, e.g. "50ms".

`--man=no`

  Do not invoke man 1 to verify the existence of man pages listed in `Documentation=`.

`--generators`

  Invoke unit generators, see systemd.generator 7. Some generators require root privileges. Under a normal user, running with generators enabled will generally result in some warnings.

`--recursive-errors=MODE`

  Control verification of units and their dependencies and whether `systemd-analyze verify` exits with a non-zero process exit status or not. With `yes`, return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during verification of either the specified unit or any of its associated dependencies. With `no`, return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during verification of only the specified unit. With `one`, return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during verification of either the specified unit or its immediate dependencies. If this option is not specified, zero is returned as the exit status regardless whether warnings arise during verification or not.

`--root=PATH`

  With `cat-files` and `verify`, operate on files underneath the specified root path PATH.

`--image=PATH`

  With `cat-files` and `verify`, operate on files inside the specified image path PATH.

`--offline=BOOL`

  With `security`, perform an offline security review of the specified unit file(s), i.e. does not have to rely on PID 1 to acquire security information for the files like the `security` verb when used by itself does. This means that `--offline=` can be used with `--root=` and `--image=` as well. If a unit's overall exposure level is above that set by `--threshold=` (default value is 100), `--offline=` will return an error.

`--profile=PATH`

  With `security` `--offline=`, takes into consideration the specified portable profile when assessing the unit(s) settings. The profile can be passed by name, in which case the well-known system locations will be searched, or it can be the full path to a specific drop-in file.

`--threshold=NUMBER`

  With `security`, allow the user to set a custom value to compare the overall exposure level with, for the specified unit file(s). If a unit's overall exposure level, is greater than that set by the user, `security` will return an error. `--threshold=` can be used with `--offline=` as well and its default value is 100.

`--security-policy=PATH`

  With `security`, allow the user to define a custom set of requirements formatted as a JSON file against which to compare the specified unit file(s) and determine their overall exposure level to security threats.

  Accepted Assessment Test Identifiers

  Assessment Test Identifier
  UserOrDynamicUser
  SupplementaryGroups
  PrivateMounts
  PrivateDevices
  PrivateTmp
  PrivateNetwork
  PrivateUsers
  ProtectControlGroups
  ProtectKernelModules
  ProtectKernelTunables
  ProtectKernelLogs
  ProtectClock
  ProtectHome
  ProtectHostname
  ProtectSystem
  RootDirectoryOrRootImage
  LockPersonality
  MemoryDenyWriteExecute
  NoNewPrivileges
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_ADMIN
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_PTRACE
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_TIME
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_NET_ADMIN
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_RAWIO
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_MODULE
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_AUDIT
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYSLOG
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_NICE_RESOURCE
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_MKNOD
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_CHOWN_FSETID_SETFCAP
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_DAC_FOWNER_IPC_OWNER
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_KILL
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE_BROADCAST_RAW
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_BOOT
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_MAC
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_IPC_LOCK
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_CHROOT
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_WAKE_ALARM
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_LEASE
  CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG
  UMask
  KeyringMode
  ProtectProc
  ProcSubset
  NotifyAccess
  RemoveIPC
  Delegate
  RestrictRealtime
  RestrictSUIDSGID
  RestrictNamespaces_user
  RestrictNamespaces_mnt
  RestrictNamespaces_ipc
  RestrictNamespaces_pid
  RestrictNamespaces_cgroup
  RestrictNamespaces_uts
  RestrictNamespaces_net
  RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_INET_INET6
  RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_UNIX
  RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_NETLINK
  RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_PACKET
  RestrictAddressFamilies_OTHER
  SystemCallArchitectures
  SystemCallFilter_swap
  SystemCallFilter_obsolete
  SystemCallFilter_clock
  SystemCallFilter_cpu_emulation
  SystemCallFilter_debug
  SystemCallFilter_mount
  SystemCallFilter_module
  SystemCallFilter_raw_io
  SystemCallFilter_reboot
  SystemCallFilter_privileged
  SystemCallFilter_resources
  IPAddressDeny
  DeviceAllow
  AmbientCapabilities

  See example "JSON Policy" below.

`--json=MODE`

  With the `security` command, generate a JSON formatted output of the security analysis table. The format is a JSON array with objects containing the following fields: `set` which indicates if the setting has been enabled or not, `name` which is what is used to refer to the setting, `json_field` which is the JSON compatible identifier of the setting, `description` which is an outline of the setting state, and `exposure` which is a number in the range 0.0…10.0, where a higher value corresponds to a higher security threat. The JSON version of the table is printed to standard output. The MODE passed to the option can be one of three: `off` which is the default, `pretty` and `short` which respectively output a prettified or shorted JSON version of the security table.

`--iterations=NUMBER`

  When used with the `calendar` command, show the specified number of iterations the specified calendar expression will elapse next. Defaults to 1.

`--base-time=TIMESTAMP`

  When used with the `calendar` command, show next iterations relative to the specified point in time. If not specified defaults to the current time.

`--unit=UNIT`

  When used with the `condition` command, evaluate all the `Condition*=...` and `Assert*=...` assignments in the specified unit file. The full unit search path is formed by combining the directories for the specified unit with the usual unit load paths. The variable `$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH` is supported, and may be used to replace or augment the compiled in set of unit load paths; see systemd.unit 5. All units files present in the directory containing the specified unit will be used in preference to the other paths.

`--quiet`

  Suppress hints and other non-essential output.

## Exit status

On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code otherwise.

## Examples

JSON Policy

The JSON file passed as a path parameter to `--security-policy=` has a top-level JSON object, with keys being the assessment test identifiers mentioned above. The values in the file should be JSON objects with one or more of the following fields: `description_na` (string), `description_good` (string), `description_bad` (string), `weight` (unsigned integer), and `range` (unsigned integer). If any of these fields corresponding to a specific id of the unit file is missing from the JSON object, the default built-in field value corresponding to that same id is used for security analysis as default. The weight and range fields are used in determining the overall exposure level of the unit files: the value of each setting is assigned a badness score, which is multiplied by the policy weight and divided by the policy range to determine the overall exposure that the setting implies. The computed badness is summed across all settings in the unit file, normalized to the 1…100 range, and used to determine the overall exposure level of the unit. By allowing users to manipulate these fields, the 'security' verb gives them the option to decide for themself which ids are more important and hence should have a greater effect on the exposure level. A weight of `0` means the setting will not be checked.

    {
      "PrivateDevices":
        {
        "description_good": "Service has no access to hardware devices",
        "description_bad": "Service potentially has access to hardware devices",
        "weight": 1000,
        "range": 1
        },
      "PrivateMounts":
        {
        "description_good": "Service cannot install system mounts",
        "description_bad": "Service may install system mounts",
        "weight": 1000,
        "range": 1
        },
      "PrivateNetwork":
        {
        "description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
        "description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
        "weight": 2500,
        "range": 1
        },
      "PrivateTmp":
        {
        "description_good": "Service has no access to other software's temporary files",
        "description_bad": "Service has access to other software's temporary files",
        "weight": 1000,
        "range": 1
        },
      "PrivateUsers":
        {
        "description_good": "Service does not have access to other users",
        "description_bad": "Service has access to other users",
        "weight": 1000,
        "range": 1
        }
    }

## See Also

systemd 1, systemctl 1